One key factor is that, for the first time since the United States and Britain invaded Iraq, Arab Sunni leaders are backing a US military plan for that country. These Sunni leaders live in abject fear of the geopolitical earthquake that any disintegration of political authority in Baghdad would bring, believing that all-out civil war would invariably follow - a war that would not respect international borders. Of course, America has been encouraging Sunni leaders in this belief. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice's recent tour of Middle East capitals helped spread the word to Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and the Gulf states that any US failure and sudden withdrawal would be certain to destabilize them. Given the fragile grip that these leaders have over their societies, America's warnings have been taken to heart. But the truly curious factor that might bring success to Bush is that those who have opposed or resented America's presence in Iraq, such as the Iranian-backed Shi'a parties now also appear to want Bush's new strategy to succeed. They are for it because they believe it will defang Moqtada al-Sadr, the rogue Shi'a cleric whose power has mushroomed over the past three years - to the point that he now dominates much of Baghdad and holds the allegiance of countless angry young Shi'a men. Of course, attacking Moqtada al-Sadr's Mahdi Army in the name of fighting militia death squads has the potential to draw American military forces into a level of urban warfare unseen since the Falluja assaults of 2004 and 2005. Al-Sadr is seen as the protector of the Shi'a of Iraq and has are an estimated 60,000 fighters in his militia. But he is deeply mistrusted by other Shi'a leaders, who fear that they may one day have to take him on by themselves. Better to let the Americans do it, though of course these Shi'a leaders prefer a slow strangulation of al-Sadr to a direct and bloody assault. But make no mistake: how al-Sadr is handled is the big test of Bush's new strategy. Should the US choose to face al-Sadr and his forces head on, they risk alienating Iraq's largest sectarian community, the Shi'a, adding fuel to the anti-occupation resistance and thus probably dooming Bush to failure. Iran and Syria, which have played a spoiler role in Iraq up to now, may also now be anxious to find a way to pull the country back from the brink. Bush still refuses to talk to either of them, and has lately been having US troops arrest Iranian agents in Iraq. Yet Iran may already see itself as victorious, with the current Iraqi government friendlier than any the Iranians have ever known. So maintaining that government in office has now become a strategic priority for Iran, particularly as it is now clear that any US hopes of using Iraq as a permanent military base are dead. The "surge" also opens, perhaps for the first time, a serious possibility of pouring water on the insurgent fires in Anbar province, the heartland of the Sunni insurgency. The US has achieved relative successes in the province through alliances with Sunni tribes. The hope is that such realistic and pragmatic accommodations will be extended to Iraqis who are fighting under the banner of a nationalist and anti-occupation agenda. So some of the stars have come into alignment for Bush. But to keep them there in the long term, the Iraqi government will need to amend the constitution in a way that appeases the Sunni community. Reassuring Iraq's Sunnis that they have a place in the new Iraq will also reassure neighboring Sunni governments, which have mostly turned a blind eye to the support for the insurgency that has come from their lands. Of course, should the US see failure ahead, it could seek to broaden the war beyond Iraq's borders by attacking Iran, a policy reminiscent of "Operation Sideshow," when US failure in Vietnam in the late 1960's enticed President Nixon into attacking Cambodia and Laos. But Iran has resources that Cambodia and Laos could never muster; indeed, its ability to retaliate could set the entire region ablaze. Whereas America's war in Indochina was a tragic mistake, the cost of a wider war precipitated by the crisis in Iraq would be incomparably greater - for both the patient and the doctor. Mai Yamani is an author and broadcaster. Her most recent book is Cradle of Islam. Copyright: Project Syndicate, 2007. www.project-syndicate.org

Mai YAMANI